The Heartbeat, Action potential and the Cardiac conduction system

 You have some fill in notes

And their answer key to look at

click on the video below to observe a beating heart.  NOTE which valves shut during the lub, dub sound and observe whether the heart is contracting or relaxing during the heart sounds.  Slow down the video of you have to 

ADVANCED LEARNING: ACTION POTENTIAL AND VECTORS:
If you are interested in a more advanced understanding of the cardiac conduction system, this website is an excellent source that goes into detail on resting potential and action potential in myocytes.  Here is a very advanced tutorial on electrical vectors of the heart 

Problem based activity

update: 

patient bloodwork is available here and their ECG results are here   for the bloodwork, the first number is the patient's result.  The second number is the normal range and the third column shows units

You may approach the patients during FIT time and some , not all are available during our class time. Many are not available during lunch.    You have until the end of the week  to solve this problem.

Disease  Activity 2025 STUDENT HANDOUT 

The powerpoint introducing this activity is on TEAMS

Name/s _______________________________________________________    block ______________________

Patient HISTORY :

WHAT IS THE NAME OF YOUR PATIENT?  WHAT IS THEIR BACKGROUND?  TELL ME SOME THINGS ABOUT THEM THAT ARE NOT MENTIONED IN THE BIOGRAPHIES

patient Symptoms 

1. Observe any physical and emotional symptoms of your patient.  What are the symptoms that you observe? Are they experiencing discomfort or pain anywhere?  Do they have pain in the belly or the head etc? 

2.  Ask your patients some questions and record their responses .   Examples of questions:

Do they have any of these symptoms: fever, chills, shortness of breath, nausea, headache, chest pain, runny nose, cough, productive cough? (with phlegm) . Do they have a  sense of fullness, pain anywhere in the head, ear, throat?  Have they ever been exposed to people who are sick? Do they have, contact with environmental pollution like coal dust, asbestos or any other substance? .  Do they smoke? What is their overall mood? Do they have any gastrointestinal symptoms? Ask if they have been swabbed for bacterial infection.                                         

3. Give your patient a physical exam.  Ask them to open their mouth to say AAAHH.  Ask to look into their ear.  Using your stethoscope, Listen for lung sounds on their back.  What do you hear?

https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/pulmonary/tech.html

        

        Do they have any copies of their imaging such as an X-ray?

4. List three conditions that can possibly match what you observe:  What evidence do you have for your conclusions.

5. What  possible laboratory tests  might need to be ordered to confirm your diagnosis? Did they get  any diagnostics done?  Blood pressure,  chest  x-ray, a bacterial culture?  

Their bloodwork and any other test results  will be given to you at a later time.

6.  What does  the blood agar swab  tell you?  

7.  Would you suggest that this patient follow up with a medical doctor? Why or why not? What tests do you think their doctor will order to confirm your hypothesis.      

ASSIGNMENT. 72 marks total

Answer all the questions and write a report due at the end of the activity .  Your report must show that yoi use EVIDENCE TO COME TO YOUR CONCLUSIONS  and you communicate that evidence clearly     out of 60 marks

You can  also post pictures of interviewing patients on the class observation site with the full names of your group. Remember to ask before taking a picture of anyone 

              

You managed to interview  and write observations on  all 12 patients                           out of 12 marks. 

Lung Diseases

Make some 2 column notes on the following resources.  I will be adding to these resources as time goes by. 

READ ABOUT these Lung Diseases 

as well as ones that are listed by the Canadian Lung association

Read about how health care workers examine lung sounds :

https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/pulmonary/tech.html

Have a look at Radiology samples:

    Normal chest x-ray

https://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/chest-x-ray/basic-interpretation

    Chest x-rays that show diseases

https://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/chest-x-ray/lung-disease

CARBABINOHEMOGLOBIN!

 CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN! 

CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN! 

 is when hemoGLOBin binds CARBon diOXide 

REDUCED HEMOGLOBIN!  is when hemoGLOBin binds HYDrogen IONs

OXY , OXYhemoGLOBin! 

binds oxy-gen 

binds oxy-gen 

binds oxy-gen

2 ALPHA IN HEMOGLOBIN! 

2 BETA IN HEMOGLOBIN!

with iron IN

between the heme

between the heme

   Oxyhemo-globin 

   reduced hemoglobin 

  Carbamino-hemoglobin 

RESPIRATION NOTES

 

The picture link below shows a journey through the respiratory system

Notes are here and please get the diagram notes from me. Plus detailed notes are here 

This is the carbonic acid buffer worksheet

Key questions are

Control of respiration

CO2 and H+ Levels

As monitored by the carotid and aortic bodies.  If these levels increase, they send a message to the  medulla oblongata Carotid bodies send the message through VAGUS NERVE.  Aortic bodies send the message through the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE.  Medulla oblongata stimulates the rib cage and the diaphragm to move faster.

Acidosis:  pH < 7.35         too much carbon dioxide

Alkadosis: pHB> 7.45       not enough carbon dioxide (sometimes caused by hyperventilation)

Carbon monoxide:   hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than for O₂ how would CO affect internal and external respiration?

Small Intestine Microscope lab

Examine the slide labeled "small intestine jejunum" and observe the slide under low and medium power. Make a careful drawing of the slide and label the villi.  The microvilli would be very difficult to observe in these specimens but try out your microscope skills to see if you can visualize these.  

Draw and label the low and medium power and draw a circle by using a petri dish to draw the circle.  

In the image below, the villi are shown as finger like projections. The cells on the villi have microvilli but these are very difficult to see. 

make 2 clear, labeled drawings under low and medium power.  Colour the drawings with pencil crayon and present for evaluation  villi and cells are labeled in the drawings. /20

18-20    Exceptional work.  Clear, careful labeled drawings that are in circles traced with a petri dish.  The drawings are in colour.  

12-16.   Very nicely done.  Clear, careful labeled drawings that are in circles traced with a petri dish.  The drawings are not in colour

0-10.   This is a good start.  The drawings are rushed and not in colour. 

attribution :BallenaBlanca october 2015 " Drawing showing the relationship between villi and microvilli of the small intestine. The luminal surface of the enterocytes have microvilli (1 micrometer long) while the cell layer itself is folded to form villi (0.5-1.6 millimeters long) and crypts. Both serve to increase the total absorption surface of the intestine."   creative commons, wikipedia. 

Digestion introduction

  Here are your digestion notes 

More detailed notes for your reading

You will go through the textbook and take notes on Digestion.  Fill in the diagrams provided with the materials in the text.  

Today we looked at whether a donut hole is on the outside or the inside of a donut and we took notes on how human body systems are made of cells with a self cell marker known as a major histocompatibility complex. This complex forms a cellular identification which helps the immune system recognize it and avoid attacking those self cells.  Foreign proteins are called ANTIGENS.  

The Digestive System has the following functions:

1. DIGESTION

2. ABSORPTION

3. ELIMINATION 

4.  MICROBIOME

 DIGESTION

- mechanical digestion: USING TEETH in the mouth or PERISTALSIS in the stomach

-chemical digestion USING ENZYMES in the mouth, stomach and duodenum

ABSORPTION

- amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids are absorbed in the small intestines

- water and vitamins are absorbed in the large intestines

ELIMINATION

-rectum stores undigested food

- anus eliminates undigested food 

MICROBIOME

- microbes live on the skin and also the gastro intestinal tract.  There are more bacteria living on a human body than there are cells on the human body.  The composition of the microbiome influences health and disease 

3 column notes assignment:

Create 3 column notes summarizing the part of the gastrointestinal tract and the details of how mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. 

LIST OF ORGANS:

Mouth, salivary gland , pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, duodenum,  liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine rectum, anus 

Some of  organs are accessory organs which produce enzymes for digestion.  Summarize what enzymes are produced, stored and write details about how this happens.  THESE are the three columns:

ORGAN and function.             MECHANICAL DIGESTION.   CHEMICAL DIGESTION 

MOUTH

is the food receiver                   chewing food                                starch     --salivary amylase--> glucose 

SALIVARY GLAND

produces salivary

amylase 

PHARYNX 

a region between the mouth and esophagus 

where swallowing happens . 

tonsils are located here

EPIGLOTTIS

a fleshy flap that prevents

food from entering trachea

ESOPHAGUS

conducts a bolus of

 food using 

peristalsis 

STOMACH

- digests proteins            MECHANICAL DIGESTION                       CHEMICAL DIGESTION

                                       food  is churned using peristalsis                  pepsinogen -->pepsin

                                                                                                        protein ---pepsin , HCL---> polypeptides

- stomach  has 

gastric pits which produce

mucous, HCL and pepsinogen

DEODENUM

Digestion Colouring Diagram:

Colour and label what happens in each part of the digestive system 

In this assignment you were to write what happens in each organ and also include lab diagrams of the small intestine.

45-50. an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  This stands out for its excellence

40 -45 an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  some minor elements are missing but this is exceptionally done

30-40. This is a very good summary of each organ. it is complete, organized and beautifully done.  a few more details are necessary to describe what is happening in each section

25. This is a good start and more work needs to be done to complete it. 

Liver Anyone???

 We used A LIVING enzyme to speed up the rate of reaction.  Our reaction was a decomposition reaction where Hydrogen Peroxide decomposed into water and oxygen.  We used raw liver and raw potato and observed the results .  

Write up this lab as a lab report. Format may be one of the following

1. Handwritten in ink and drawings as observations

2.  Word document with photos as observations

3.  Powerpoint format (include a pdf version in case ppt does not load.  upload as a file instead of sharing a link)

You may work as a group, however, each member of the group must do a task and you must include the % that each person contributed to the entire project. this can be the last page of your report.  You may also work individually. 

LAB REPORT FORMAT

Purpose: Write the purpose of this experiment. Include the balanced equation. 

Procedure: Draw a cartoon of exactly what you did and include photos of your procedure

Observations: 

Use words and images  (drawings or photos or screengrabs of video ) to describe what happened.  hint, your video might include an image of the flame that is more dramatic than a photo. Screengrab the best image).  

Discussion:

Explain your observations.  What was the foam that was made? Why did the glowing splint ignite? Did the liver or potato make a bigger or smaller reaction? 

Conclusion: Write a conclusion summarizing what you learned about enzymes during this lab .  Which sample produced a bigger reaction, liver or potato?  Why do YOU THINK  there was a bigger reaction from one of the samples?  Support your answer.  

Evaluation:

Liver Latte Experiment: 40 marks. 

35-40.  your lab report is a brilliant and detailed summary of your experiment.  You meticulously record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report.  Brilliant work. 

32-34. your lab report is an excellent detailed summary of your experiment.  You  record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show good reasoning for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. Excellent work

20-30 your lab report is a  detailed summary of your experiment.  Yourecord the procedure in a creative format that communicates clearly what was done.  Your observations show what happened.  Your discussion is well written but you must show a bit more evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. 

0-20. This is a great start and it needs more writing to finish the work.