DNA replication lesson and study questions

 

 

Study Questions on the DNA Replication video  

If you make 2 column notes or flashcards of these questions, it'll help you remember the steps.

1.  Why does DNA replication happen?  

2.  When sperm and egg meet , they become a _______

3.  Give examples of DNA replication 

4.  Parent cells turn into _______ cells during cell division

5.  How many pieces of DNA are there in human somatic cells?  

5.   Draw a ladder structure of DNA showing the 5' and 3' end

4.  DNA replication is semiconservative.  What does this mean?

5.  How is RNA different from DNA?

6.  What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?  RNA? 

7.  What enzyme synthesizes DNA?  What enzyme synthesizes RNA? 

8.  DNA has only 2 bonds to bind it together.  What are these bonds?

9.  What are the steps for DNA replication?

10.  After helicase unzips the strand, ________ comes and lays down the RNA primer

11.   DNA polymerase III synthesizes the strand in the ____________ direction

12.  What is the difference between the lead strand and lag strand? 

13a.   What enzyme eats the RNA primer?

13b.    After the RNA primer is removed, there is fragmented DNA in the lag strand.  These fragments are known as _________ fragments.

14.  Which polymerase comes along to fill in the gaps with DNA.

15.  In the end there is one more gap left and _________fills in the final gap.

16.  ___________ is the enzyme that relieves the pressure of the supercoiling during DNA replication.

detailed notes on transcription and translation

 

Amino acids are made of a carboxyl group and amine group and an R group.  
they are the subunits for polypeptide chains which ultimately make a protein.

There are twenty one amino acids which correspond to a CODON. This forms the GENETIC CODE

Transcription: mRNA is made from the DNA strand
1.   DNA unwinds and a promoter region is exposed.  There is a SENSE STRAND (TEMPLATE STRAND) of DNA to make RNA.
2.  RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA from a 5' to 3' direction.  RNA nucleotides are attached only on the 3' end.
3.  When the mRNA is complete it undergoes processing
 a.EDITING THE mRNA STRAND:  INTRONS are removed and EXONS remain.
b.  A polyA tail and 5' cap are placed on the mRNA in order to protect the strand from exonuclease.  Exonucleases digest and recycle mRNA.  We want them to avoid digesting the mRNA while it is being read by the ribosome
4.  mRNA is now ready for the ribosome.  IN EUKARYOTES, it leaves the nucleus.  IN PROKARYOTES, protein synthesis starts right away

Translation:  mRNA gets read by the ribosome and a polypeptide chain is formed
 Initiation: 
1. METHIONINE is the first amino acid brought by a tRNA.  tRNA has an ANTICODON which is complementary to the mRNA CODON.  The START CODON IS ALWAYS AUG. Meanwhile, the small ribosomal subunit attaches to the strand.
2.  Next the large ribosomal subunit arrives with its P site and A site.

AMINO ACYL T-RNA is the name of the tRNA attached to the amino acid.

the following is excerpted from this website as a quote:
 and is attributed to mrsdaintreysonlineclassroom. retrieved
january 20, 2016:  

Elongation
more amino acids are added and connected together to form a polypeptide, as specified by the mRNA sequence.
i. an incoming amino-acyl-tRNA (lets call this AA2-tRNA2) recognizes the codon in the A site and binds there.
ii. a peptide bond is formed through dehydration synthesis between the new amino acid and the growing polypeptide chain.
iii. the amino acid is removed from tRNA1 (bond breaks between aa1 and tRNA1)
iv. the tRNA1 that was in the P site is released, and the tRNA in the A site is translocated to the P site.
v. the ribosome moves over one codon along the mRNA (to the right in our diagram, or more specifically in the 5' ----> 3' direction.)
vi. This movement shifts the tRNA2 (which is attached to the growing amino acid chain) to the P site.
vii. tRNA3 with aa3 can now move into A site and bind with the next codon on mRNA.
viii. THIS PROCESS REPEATS, and the CHAIN ELONGATES as long as there are new codons to read on the mRNA. 

Termination
The process above repeats until a special codon, called a STOP CODON, is reached. There are 3 Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA.
i. the stop codons do not code for amino acids but instead act as signals to stop translation.
ii. a protein called release factor binds directly to the stop codon in the A site. The release factor causes a water molecule to be added to the end of the polypeptide chain, and the chain then separates from the last tRNA.

3. the protein is now complete. The mRNA is now usually broken down by exonuclease  and the ribosome splits into its large and small subunits.
   
4. the new protein is sent for final processing into the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus 
   

protein synthesis

 NOTES: a summary of what we learned about protein synthesis

A diagram worksheet summary


More practice generating mRNA, tRNA and Amino Acids in this link here

TRNA sung to the tune of YMCA:

and the lyrics are right here for the karaoke version! 

human blood and lymph nodes

 Human blood smear can have the following types of blood:

a red blood cell is an erythrocyte.  This erythrocyte may exhibit the antigens

A, B or Rh factor. A neutrophil and a monocyte are types of white blood cell that can "eat" foreign microbes.  A platelet is a blood protein that is used for clotting blood. Have a look at this site to see more blood cells

When you look at the lymph node slides look at this website from Yale University to help you know what you are looking at .  Further, look at this Histology blog to help you identify denditric cells 

Further, have a look at this cartoon to help understand the locations of the B-cells, T-cells and also dendictric cells in a lymph node 

In your Blood lab please do the following ,  All drawings should be done in a circle and use a petri dish to draw the circle. 

1.  Draw a clear, colour drawing of a human blood smear on high power.  Label the cells that you find, including erythrocytes, and WBCs such as lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils. 

2.  Draw a clear, colour drawing of a slide of a lymph node and label whatever structures you can.  Draw this under low and medium power. 

3.  Copy this cartoon of the lymph node to familiarize yourself with where the cells are. 

"Cross-section of a lymph node with sections labelled.1) Capsule; 2) Subcapsular sinus; 3) Germinal center; 4) Lymphoid nodule; 5) Trabeculae" 

copyright Benutzer:Gleiberg

Mitosis and meiosis lesson notes and questions

 Although you studied mitosis and meiosis in the past, it is worth a look again to make sure you have all the steps down correctly.  It will help you to understand our next unit which is Genetics.  This video explains how alleles are connected to the steps of mitosis and meiosis.  I also assume this is familiar from last year.

Your teacher will review these steps, explaining some of the complex parts and  give you time to answer the questions.  Next, your teacher will review the answers to the questions.  After this you will do a creative assignment to demonstrate that you understand this material.  

Please watch this video


Answer the following questions on your own paper and hand this in. 

 Answer in full sentences and draw your answers.  Draw in ink or photograph a model using lego, string or other material

1.  What is Chromatin?  How many strands are there in a human?
2.  How many chromatids are there in a human?
3.  What is the 2n  or diploid number?
4.  What is mitosis used for?
5.  What is meiosis used for?
6.  Define "Gamete"
7.  What is the Haploid number?
8.  What organ makes sperm, what makes egg?
9.  How many chromatids are in a sperm or egg?
10 Draw a fertilization
11.  Draw how sperm cells are made using the number 46 to represent the chromatid number.
12.  Draw and label Chromatin, Chromatid, Sister chromatids, Chromosome.  And show me a homologous chromosome
13.    Draw a mitosis with 2n= 6.  Label the stages in detail. Remember to draw Interphase and show chromatins.
14.  Draw a meiois with 2n=6.   Label the stages.
Again, draw interphase and show the chromatin.
15a. Why does crossing over happen during prophase I?
15b.  What is primary nondisjunction.  What can happen to the chromatid number?

immune system topics for quick poster presentation

 1. Alaskan Serum relay of 1925, the story of Togo and Balto

2.  Influenza: H3N2 subclade K flu, Avian Flu H5N1 

3. TB

4. Measles

5. Meat allergy alpha gal case 

6.  HPV and cervical cancer 

7. Mpox clade 1 &2

8. Tetanus ER protocols and the story of the boy in 2017 in Oregon who was not immunized against Tetanus

9. Meningitis B in Nova Scotia:  The story of Kai 

The Immune System Study Questions

 We reviewed the immune system in class.  

1.  The immune system can be divided into SPECIFIC  responses and NONSPECIFIC responses.  

a.  What are the two kinds of specific responses and what cells are involved?

b.  What are the two kinds of nonspecific responses? 

2.  For barriers, describe the kinds of barriers that are in the 

a. respiratory system

b. digestive system 

c.  reproductive system

d.  skin 

3.  The inflammatory response happens when there is a break in the barrier.  List all the steps of the inflammation response, including all the cells that are involved and the cell communication that takes place.  

4.  Is inflammation LOCAL , happening in a specific place, or is it SYSTEMIC, happening all over the body?  

5.  Describe the following cases where the inflammatory response is not working properly. What is the cause, the symptoms and the treatment?

a.  allergy to a  food item

b.  sepsis

6.  What are the two kinds of SPECIFIC IMMUNITY and what cells are involved ?

7.  What is a major histocompatibility complex and how does it help protect the body?

8.  Describe the steps of the humeral response.

9. describe the steps of the cell mediated response.

10 How does a T-cell get trained to do its job properly and to not attack the body?  

11.  Give some examples of "autoimmune" diseases. 

Fetal circulation

 

 Click on the picture below to play the video 
 
 

Today we explored fetal circulation.  First we drew our conception of how fetal circulation might occur. Next we compared fetal and baby circulation in depth in the table below.  Finally we drew a schematic diagram to compare the two and listened to a baby cry because the newborn's first breath is when the ductus arterioles and the foramen ovale closes successfully

   

BLOOD PRESSURE

  The Major Blood Vessels. DIAGRAM

OK so, during class,  we'll play doctor and find blood pressure.  Have  a look at this tutorial before you test this on each other...

Heart Dissection

 Have a look at the gross anatomy of the mammalian heart 

You will receive your heart and orient it with the ventral face up and dorsal face down.   Review the 

 the major vessels that come out of the AORTIC ARCH 

PATH OF BLOOD

 Today we will introduce you to the Circulation System.

This is the slideshow

You will receive a gigantic DIAGRAM on circulation

and we will explore the  path of blood . In particular, we will replicate William Harvey's experiment demonstrating that veins move only in one direction.  

also this is the major vessels that come out of the AORTIC ARCH 

Read the Summary notes on circulation:
Circulation System. 
  Major Blood Vessels
  Lymphatic System link here 

Extra resources here

Do the review on blood vessels.  Review on blood vessels 

The Heartbeat, Action potential and the Cardiac conduction system

 You have some fill in notes

And their answer key to look at

click on the video below to observe a beating heart.  NOTE which valves shut during the lub, dub sound and observe whether the heart is contracting or relaxing during the heart sounds.  Slow down the video of you have to 

ADVANCED LEARNING: ACTION POTENTIAL AND VECTORS:
If you are interested in a more advanced understanding of the cardiac conduction system, this website is an excellent source that goes into detail on resting potential and action potential in myocytes.  Here is a very advanced tutorial on electrical vectors of the heart 

Problem based activity

update: 

patient bloodwork is available here and their ECG results are here   for the bloodwork, the first number is the patient's result.  The second number is the normal range and the third column shows units

You may approach the patients during FIT time and some , not all are available during our class time. Many are not available during lunch.    You have until the end of the week  to solve this problem.

Disease  Activity 2025 STUDENT HANDOUT 

The powerpoint introducing this activity is on TEAMS

Name/s _______________________________________________________    block ______________________

Patient HISTORY :

WHAT IS THE NAME OF YOUR PATIENT?  WHAT IS THEIR BACKGROUND?  TELL ME SOME THINGS ABOUT THEM THAT ARE NOT MENTIONED IN THE BIOGRAPHIES

patient Symptoms 

1. Observe any physical and emotional symptoms of your patient.  What are the symptoms that you observe? Are they experiencing discomfort or pain anywhere?  Do they have pain in the belly or the head etc? 

2.  Ask your patients some questions and record their responses .   Examples of questions:

Do they have any of these symptoms: fever, chills, shortness of breath, nausea, headache, chest pain, runny nose, cough, productive cough? (with phlegm) . Do they have a  sense of fullness, pain anywhere in the head, ear, throat?  Have they ever been exposed to people who are sick? Do they have, contact with environmental pollution like coal dust, asbestos or any other substance? .  Do they smoke? What is their overall mood? Do they have any gastrointestinal symptoms? Ask if they have been swabbed for bacterial infection.                                         

3. Give your patient a physical exam.  Ask them to open their mouth to say AAAHH.  Ask to look into their ear.  Using your stethoscope, Listen for lung sounds on their back.  What do you hear?

https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/pulmonary/tech.html

        

        Do they have any copies of their imaging such as an X-ray?

4. List three conditions that can possibly match what you observe:  What evidence do you have for your conclusions.

5. What  possible laboratory tests  might need to be ordered to confirm your diagnosis? Did they get  any diagnostics done?  Blood pressure,  chest  x-ray, a bacterial culture?  

Their bloodwork and any other test results  will be given to you at a later time.

6.  What does  the blood agar swab  tell you?  

7.  Would you suggest that this patient follow up with a medical doctor? Why or why not? What tests do you think their doctor will order to confirm your hypothesis.      

ASSIGNMENT. 72 marks total

Answer all the questions and write a report due at the end of the activity .  Your report must show that yoi use EVIDENCE TO COME TO YOUR CONCLUSIONS  and you communicate that evidence clearly     out of 60 marks

You can  also post pictures of interviewing patients on the class observation site with the full names of your group. Remember to ask before taking a picture of anyone 

              

You managed to interview  and write observations on  all 12 patients                           out of 12 marks. 

Lung Diseases

Make some 2 column notes on the following resources.  I will be adding to these resources as time goes by. 

READ ABOUT these Lung Diseases 

as well as ones that are listed by the Canadian Lung association

Read about how health care workers examine lung sounds :

https://depts.washington.edu/physdx/pulmonary/tech.html

Have a look at Radiology samples:

    Normal chest x-ray

https://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/chest-x-ray/basic-interpretation

    Chest x-rays that show diseases

https://radiologyassistant.nl/chest/chest-x-ray/lung-disease

CARBABINOHEMOGLOBIN!

 CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN! 

CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN! 

 is when hemoGLOBin binds CARBon diOXide 

REDUCED HEMOGLOBIN!  is when hemoGLOBin binds HYDrogen IONs

OXY , OXYhemoGLOBin! 

binds oxy-gen 

binds oxy-gen 

binds oxy-gen

2 ALPHA IN HEMOGLOBIN! 

2 BETA IN HEMOGLOBIN!

with iron IN

between the heme

between the heme

   Oxyhemo-globin 

   reduced hemoglobin 

  Carbamino-hemoglobin 

RESPIRATION NOTES

 

The picture link below shows a journey through the respiratory system

Notes are here and please get the diagram notes from me. Plus detailed notes are here 

This is the carbonic acid buffer worksheet

Key questions are

Control of respiration

CO2 and H+ Levels

As monitored by the carotid and aortic bodies.  If these levels increase, they send a message to the  medulla oblongata Carotid bodies send the message through VAGUS NERVE.  Aortic bodies send the message through the GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE.  Medulla oblongata stimulates the rib cage and the diaphragm to move faster.

Acidosis:  pH < 7.35         too much carbon dioxide

Alkadosis: pHB> 7.45       not enough carbon dioxide (sometimes caused by hyperventilation)

Carbon monoxide:   hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than for O₂ how would CO affect internal and external respiration?

Small Intestine Microscope lab

Examine the slide labeled "small intestine jejunum" and observe the slide under low and medium power. Make a careful drawing of the slide and label the villi.  The microvilli would be very difficult to observe in these specimens but try out your microscope skills to see if you can visualize these.  

Draw and label the low and medium power and draw a circle by using a petri dish to draw the circle.  

In the image below, the villi are shown as finger like projections. The cells on the villi have microvilli but these are very difficult to see. 

make 2 clear, labeled drawings under low and medium power.  Colour the drawings with pencil crayon and present for evaluation  villi and cells are labeled in the drawings. /20

18-20    Exceptional work.  Clear, careful labeled drawings that are in circles traced with a petri dish.  The drawings are in colour.  

12-16.   Very nicely done.  Clear, careful labeled drawings that are in circles traced with a petri dish.  The drawings are not in colour

0-10.   This is a good start.  The drawings are rushed and not in colour. 

attribution :BallenaBlanca october 2015 " Drawing showing the relationship between villi and microvilli of the small intestine. The luminal surface of the enterocytes have microvilli (1 micrometer long) while the cell layer itself is folded to form villi (0.5-1.6 millimeters long) and crypts. Both serve to increase the total absorption surface of the intestine."   creative commons, wikipedia. 

Digestion introduction

  Here are your digestion notes 

More detailed notes for your reading

You will go through the textbook and take notes on Digestion.  Fill in the diagrams provided with the materials in the text.  

Today we looked at whether a donut hole is on the outside or the inside of a donut and we took notes on how human body systems are made of cells with a self cell marker known as a major histocompatibility complex. This complex forms a cellular identification which helps the immune system recognize it and avoid attacking those self cells.  Foreign proteins are called ANTIGENS.  

The Digestive System has the following functions:

1. DIGESTION

2. ABSORPTION

3. ELIMINATION 

4.  MICROBIOME

 DIGESTION

- mechanical digestion: USING TEETH in the mouth or PERISTALSIS in the stomach

-chemical digestion USING ENZYMES in the mouth, stomach and duodenum

ABSORPTION

- amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids are absorbed in the small intestines

- water and vitamins are absorbed in the large intestines

ELIMINATION

-rectum stores undigested food

- anus eliminates undigested food 

MICROBIOME

- microbes live on the skin and also the gastro intestinal tract.  There are more bacteria living on a human body than there are cells on the human body.  The composition of the microbiome influences health and disease 

3 column notes assignment:

Create 3 column notes summarizing the part of the gastrointestinal tract and the details of how mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. 

LIST OF ORGANS:

Mouth, salivary gland , pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, duodenum,  liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine rectum, anus 

Some of  organs are accessory organs which produce enzymes for digestion.  Summarize what enzymes are produced, stored and write details about how this happens.  THESE are the three columns:

ORGAN and function.             MECHANICAL DIGESTION.   CHEMICAL DIGESTION 

MOUTH

is the food receiver                   chewing food                                starch     --salivary amylase--> glucose 

SALIVARY GLAND

produces salivary

amylase 

PHARYNX 

a region between the mouth and esophagus 

where swallowing happens . 

tonsils are located here

EPIGLOTTIS

a fleshy flap that prevents

food from entering trachea

ESOPHAGUS

conducts a bolus of

 food using 

peristalsis 

STOMACH

- digests proteins            MECHANICAL DIGESTION                       CHEMICAL DIGESTION

                                       food  is churned using peristalsis                  pepsinogen -->pepsin

                                                                                                        protein ---pepsin , HCL---> polypeptides

- stomach  has 

gastric pits which produce

mucous, HCL and pepsinogen

DEODENUM

Digestion Colouring Diagram:

Colour and label what happens in each part of the digestive system 

In this assignment you were to write what happens in each organ and also include lab diagrams of the small intestine.

45-50. an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  This stands out for its excellence

40 -45 an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  some minor elements are missing but this is exceptionally done

30-40. This is a very good summary of each organ. it is complete, organized and beautifully done.  a few more details are necessary to describe what is happening in each section

25. This is a good start and more work needs to be done to complete it. 

Liver Anyone???

 We used A LIVING enzyme to speed up the rate of reaction.  Our reaction was a decomposition reaction where Hydrogen Peroxide decomposed into water and oxygen.  We used raw liver and raw potato and observed the results .  

Write up this lab as a lab report. Format may be one of the following

1. Handwritten in ink and drawings as observations

2.  Word document with photos as observations

3.  Powerpoint format (include a pdf version in case ppt does not load.  upload as a file instead of sharing a link)

You may work as a group, however, each member of the group must do a task and you must include the % that each person contributed to the entire project. this can be the last page of your report.  You may also work individually. 

LAB REPORT FORMAT

Purpose: Write the purpose of this experiment. Include the balanced equation. 

Procedure: Draw a cartoon of exactly what you did and include photos of your procedure

Observations: 

Use words and images  (drawings or photos or screengrabs of video ) to describe what happened.  hint, your video might include an image of the flame that is more dramatic than a photo. Screengrab the best image).  

Discussion:

Explain your observations.  What was the foam that was made? Why did the glowing splint ignite? Did the liver or potato make a bigger or smaller reaction? 

Conclusion: Write a conclusion summarizing what you learned about enzymes during this lab .  Which sample produced a bigger reaction, liver or potato?  Why do YOU THINK  there was a bigger reaction from one of the samples?  Support your answer.  

Evaluation:

Liver Latte Experiment: 40 marks. 

35-40.  your lab report is a brilliant and detailed summary of your experiment.  You meticulously record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report.  Brilliant work. 

32-34. your lab report is an excellent detailed summary of your experiment.  You  record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show good reasoning for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. Excellent work

20-30 your lab report is a  detailed summary of your experiment.  Yourecord the procedure in a creative format that communicates clearly what was done.  Your observations show what happened.  Your discussion is well written but you must show a bit more evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. 

0-20. This is a great start and it needs more writing to finish the work. 

ENZYMES

simplified enzyme presentation 

 MORE DETAILS IN THE NOTES HERE

  Enzyme notes  

Enzyme worksheet 

Worksheet 2

Worksheet 3 

Study Questions

1. What are the 2 parts of metabolism and what is the role of enzymes? 

2.  What do enzymes do for activation energy?

3.  Draw a cartoon of the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis of a substrate. 

4. Give examples of how enzymes are named

5.  What is the definition of: ENZYME, SUBSTRATE, PRODUCT,ACTIVE SITE

6. What are the 3 factors that affect enzyme action?

7. How does temperature affect enzyme action? What is the optimum enzyme temperature in a human?

8.  What are the symptoms of hyperthermia and hypothermia?

9.  Describe the optimum pH of enzymes in a human body. Draw a graph that illustrates the pH of digestive enzymes.

10. What are the 2 kinds of enzyme inhibition? Draw a cartoon that illustrates inhibition.

11.  Give examples of competetive and noncompetetive inhibbition

12. Define these words and draw a picture that includes the terms: holoenzyme, co-enzyme, allosteric site, active site

Biochemistry Test

 1.  Know your illustration handouts: Review the multiple choice, short answer, or matching on these  booklets of drawing handouts. I will give you review questions for long answer on the day before the test.

     a. Examples of Biomolecules, Polymers are made of monomers, hydrolosysis and dehdydration
         synthesis, Water in, Water out, review the Biology Karaoke lyrics for "Waterloo" and "Glucose"

     b. BONDS in biology, especially in protein structure 
         Organic always contains CHO, Functional Groups  recognize all functional groups,
         Writing organic chemistry

     c.  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

     d.  Fat Facts: Be prepared to draw all parts of this illustrated booklet! 

     

2.  Draw the following molecules:   glucose, amino acid, DNA nucleotide, fatty acid, glycerol

3.  Draw the hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis of amino acids, a disaccharide and a fat

4.  Draw a DNA ladder structure 

CELL STRUCTURES.   Please note a typo on slide 3:

  CELL REVIEW WORKSHEET 

a brief summary   of cell organelles

Biomolecules Notes  

Biomolecules Summary Notes     

Review Questions and Their Answers 

DNA LESSON

 

We will explore the nature of DNA. We will review these notes here  and later you will get a worksheet looking at DNA replication.

Observing biomolecules in action

 Observe a cooking demonstration and note ALL the biomolecules in the ingredients.  Take photographs of the ingredient , the recipe and the outcome.  Did the biomolecules undergo any changes due to changes in  thermal energy? pH?  What was their state ? solid or liquid ?  Did anything turn into a gas?

Demonstrate your biochemical knowledge by explaining what happened to the biomolecules.  Your report may be in the form of a document, pdf, powerpoint (powerpoint is preferred)

Your report includes

a Title:  What was the food that was prepared?

1. A table with the following titles:  ingredient, biomolecule, draw the formula

2.  Steps to make the food:  Describe changes in thermal energy and pH if any

3.  Conclusion:  write a short paragraph summarizing what you learned/tasted 

Evaluation /30

27-30.  This is an excellent and complete analysis of all the biomolecules, the report is organized and includes pictures, either drawings or photos. it has excellent presentation 

20-25.  This is a complete analysis of all the biomolecules. the report includes pictures or drawings of most biomolecules

15-20. This is a partial list of all the biomolecules. the report contains no pictures or drawings

0-15. This report is a good start but it is not complete 

Sept 8 to 16, 2025 : Biomolecules.

 lecture on biomolecules here:  Please review the notes on Carbohydrates and Proteins

Biomolecules Notes  

And here are some summary notes reviewing the same content describing the monomers and polymers that can form through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis . your teacher will review these concepts over a few days

Biomolecules Summary Notes     

After reading these notes, work on this worksheet on biomolecules . The answers to these questions begin on page 8 of the Biomoledules Summary Notes in the chapter called  BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL COMPOUNDS

We will spend a few days on this important topic and then you will get a test. 

At the end of this unit you can do these review questions .  Our test will include these questions

Review Questions and Their Answers 

in addition, i mentioned in class that you ought to be able to

1. draw each kind of monomer: an amino acid, a monosaccharide, a nucleotide.  Draw an example of an amino acid (glutamate)

2. draw the hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis of monomers , like amino acids making a peptide bond

3.  identify different kinds of biomolecules if you see them 

Memory tricks to remember hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.  I gave you new lyrics for this abba song.