Notes on Digestion: Complete a cartoon of digestion using the diagrams

 Here are your digestion notes

You will go through the textbook and take notes on Digestion.  Fill in the diagrams provided with the materials in the text.  

Today we looked at whether a donut hole is on the outside or the inside of a donut and we took notes on how human body systems are made of cells with a self cell marker known as a major histocompatibility complex. This complex forms a cellular identification which helps the immune system recognize it and avoid attacking those self cells.  Foreign proteins are called ANTIGENS.  

The Digestive System has the following functions:

1. DIGESTION

2. ABSORPTION

3. ELIMINATION 

4.  MICROBIOME

 DIGESTION

- mechanical digestion: USING TEETH in the mouth or PERISTALSIS in the stomach

-chemical digestion USING ENZYMES in the mouth, stomach and duodenum

ABSORPTION

- amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids are absorbed in the small intestines

- water and vitamins are absorbed in the large intestines

ELIMINATION

-rectum stores undigested food

- anus eliminates undigested food 

MICROBIOME

- microbes live on the skin and also the gastro intestinal tract.  There are more bacteria living on a human body than there are cells on the human body.  The composition of the microbiome influences health and disease 

3 column notes assignment:

Create 3 column notes summarizing the part of the gastrointestinal tract and the details of how mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. 

LIST OF ORGANS:

Mouth, salivary gland , pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, duodenum,  liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine rectum, anus 

Some of  organs are accessory organs which produce enzymes for digestion.  Summarize what enzymes are produced, stored and write details about how this happens.  THESE are the three columns:

ORGAN and function.             MECHANICAL DIGESTION.   CHEMICAL DIGESTION 

MOUTH

is the food receiver                   chewing food                                starch     --salivary amylase--> glucose 

SALIVARY GLAND

produces salivary

amylase 

PHARYNX 

a region between the mouth and esophagus 

where swallowing happens . 

tonsils are located here

EPIGLOTTIS

a fleshy flap that prevents

food from entering trachea

ESOPHAGUS

conducts a bolus of

 food using 

peristalsis 

STOMACH

- digests proteins            MECHANICAL DIGESTION                       CHEMICAL DIGESTION

                                       food  is churned using peristalsis                  pepsinogen -->pepsin

                                                                                                        protein ---pepsin , HCL---> polypeptides

- stomach  has 

gastric pits which produce

mucous, HCL and pepsinogen

Digestion Colouring Diagram:

Colour and label what happens in each part of the digestive system 

In this assignment you were to write what happens in each organ and also include lab diagrams of the small intestine.

45-50. an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  This stands out for its excellence

40 -45 an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  some minor elements are missing but this is exceptionally done

30-40. This is a very good summary of each organ. it is complete, organized and beautifully done.  a few more details are necessary to describe what is happening in each section

25. This is a good start and more work needs to be done to complete it. 

Raw Liver Latte Lab. and the Milk Lab

 Today we did a lab where we used raw pork liver enzyme to speed up the rate of reaction.  Our reaction was a decomposition reaction where Hydrogen Peroxide decomposed into water and oxygen.  We used both raw liver and partially cooked liver and observed the results.  

Write up this lab as a lab report. Format may be one of the following

1. Handwritten in ink and drawings as observations

2.  Word document with photos as observations

3.  Powerpoint format (include a pdf version in case ppt does not load.  upload as a file instead of sharing a link)

You may work as a group, however, each member of the group must do a task and you must include the % that each person contributed to the entire project. this can be the last page of your report.  You may also work individually. 

LAB REPORT FORMAT

Purpose: Write the purpose of this experiment. Include the balanced equation. 

Procedure: Draw a cartoon of exactly what you did and include photos of your procedure

Observations: 

Use words and images  (drawings or photos or screengrabs of video ) to describe what happened.  hint, your video might include an image of the flame that is more dramatic than a photo. Screengrab the best image).  

Discussion:

Explain your observations.  What was the foam that was made? Why did the glowing splint ignite? Did the heated up liver make a bigger or smaller reaction? 

Conclusion: Write a conclusion summarizing what you learned about enzymes during this lab 

Evaluation:

Liver Latte Experiment: 40 marks. 

35-40.  your lab report is a brilliant and detailed summary of your experiment.  You meticulously record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report.  Brilliant work. 

32-34. your lab report is an excellent detailed summary of your experiment.  You  record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show good reasoning for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. Excellent work

20-30 your lab report is a  detailed summary of your experiment.  Yourecord the procedure in a creative format that communicates clearly what was done.  Your observations show what happened.  Your discussion is well written but you must show a bit more evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. 

0-20. This is a great start and it needs more writing to finish the work. 

MILK LAB WRITE UP /10 marks

You did a lab where you dropped food dye in milk and then you added a drop of soap.  Write a one page observation of what you found and explain how this happened using your best hypothesis. 

Include a photo. 

10 marks for completion of this. 

News article on Ventilation

 Read this news article on ventilation in public places :

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00642-9

• NEWS FEATURE
• 07 March 2023

Indoor air is full of flu and COVID viruses. Will countries clean it up?

The current pandemic has focused attention to the importance of healthy indoor air and could spur lasting improvements to the air we breathe.

Enzymes

 Review the Enzyme notes

Milk lab

 Please write up the Milk Lab as it is outlined on the whiteboard 

Analyzing Breakfast for Macromolecules & Micromolecules

 Make a lab report on your observation of a breakfast.  

Title: Analyzing Breakfast for Macromolecules

Purpose: To observe the preparation of a breakfast and identify the macromolecules and micromolecules involved. 

Method:

1. Observe a person preparing breakfast.  

2. Take photos of the preparation process (take photos of hands and ingredients, if the chef has not granted photo permission of their face).  Ask questions of the chef, and stay safe during the cooking lab.

3. Write a summary of the preparation process under the photos . Analyze the ingredients for being a polymer or monomer and identify which one.  For example, are you looking at a carbohydrate, a lipid, a protein?  What kind of carbohydrates are used in the ingredients?  Draw the molecular structure of the polymer or monomer.  For example, if there are dairy products, we are likely to see a disaccharide that is in ALL milk products. Is it a saturated or unsaturated fat that is used?  Saturated fats are often solid at room temperature and they are liquid at higher cooking temperatures.  Are cations and anions used - is there salt? What salt is used?  

4.  Hollandaise sauce is an EMULSION which uses an emulsifier.  Where is the emulsifier located? What is the process for making this special sauce and why is it so tricky?   I will take the time to explain what an emulsifier is later,  in detail,  so you can write this report.  

5.  When an egg is cooked, the proteins denature When does this denaturing take place?  I will take the time to explain the concept of proteins, amino acids and denaturing later so you may write this report. 

6.  Thank your chefs!  

Conclusion: Write what you learned from this observation. 

Due date: to be announced! 

Notes on BIOCHEMISTRY

We went over the handouts which included the following concepts today

BONDS in biology

1. Ionic bond 

2. covalent

a. polar covalent - example: a water molecule

b. nonpolar covalent - example - a hydrocarbon chain

c. We learned that water  forms polar covalent bonds 

3.  Functional groups like

a. carboxyl

b. amino

c. sulfhydryl

d. ketone

e. phosphate

f. aldehyde

g. hydroxyl 

We looked at FAT facts:  

FAT is NONPOLAR and HYDROPHOBIC

There are 5 functions of fats: 

1. Energy stores

2. Insulation under the skin

3.  fat packing for organs

4.  part of the phospholipid bilayer in a cell membrane 

5. steroid hormones such as ESTROGEN and TESTOSTERONE

FATTY ACIDS are composed of a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon chain.  They can be SATURATED or UNSATURATED.

UNSATURATED fats have DOUBLE BONDS which are either CIS or TRANS

When you add 3 fatty acids to a glycerol, you can make a TRIGYLCERIDE using dehydration synthesis