Digestion introduction

  Here are your digestion notes 

More detailed notes for your reading

You will go through the textbook and take notes on Digestion.  Fill in the diagrams provided with the materials in the text.  

Today we looked at whether a donut hole is on the outside or the inside of a donut and we took notes on how human body systems are made of cells with a self cell marker known as a major histocompatibility complex. This complex forms a cellular identification which helps the immune system recognize it and avoid attacking those self cells.  Foreign proteins are called ANTIGENS.  

The Digestive System has the following functions:

1. DIGESTION

2. ABSORPTION

3. ELIMINATION 

4.  MICROBIOME

 DIGESTION

- mechanical digestion: USING TEETH in the mouth or PERISTALSIS in the stomach

-chemical digestion USING ENZYMES in the mouth, stomach and duodenum

ABSORPTION

- amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids are absorbed in the small intestines

- water and vitamins are absorbed in the large intestines

ELIMINATION

-rectum stores undigested food

- anus eliminates undigested food 

MICROBIOME

- microbes live on the skin and also the gastro intestinal tract.  There are more bacteria living on a human body than there are cells on the human body.  The composition of the microbiome influences health and disease 

3 column notes assignment:

Create 3 column notes summarizing the part of the gastrointestinal tract and the details of how mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. 

LIST OF ORGANS:

Mouth, salivary gland , pharynx, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, duodenum,  liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine rectum, anus 

Some of  organs are accessory organs which produce enzymes for digestion.  Summarize what enzymes are produced, stored and write details about how this happens.  THESE are the three columns:

ORGAN and function.             MECHANICAL DIGESTION.   CHEMICAL DIGESTION 

MOUTH

is the food receiver                   chewing food                                starch     --salivary amylase--> glucose 

SALIVARY GLAND

produces salivary

amylase 

PHARYNX 

a region between the mouth and esophagus 

where swallowing happens . 

tonsils are located here

EPIGLOTTIS

a fleshy flap that prevents

food from entering trachea

ESOPHAGUS

conducts a bolus of

 food using 

peristalsis 

STOMACH

- digests proteins            MECHANICAL DIGESTION                       CHEMICAL DIGESTION

                                       food  is churned using peristalsis                  pepsinogen -->pepsin

                                                                                                        protein ---pepsin , HCL---> polypeptides

- stomach  has 

gastric pits which produce

mucous, HCL and pepsinogen

DEODENUM

Digestion Colouring Diagram:

Colour and label what happens in each part of the digestive system 

In this assignment you were to write what happens in each organ and also include lab diagrams of the small intestine.

45-50. an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  This stands out for its excellence

40 -45 an excellent job summarizing what happens in each organ. It is complete, and organized, accurate and creatively done, in colour.  some minor elements are missing but this is exceptionally done

30-40. This is a very good summary of each organ. it is complete, organized and beautifully done.  a few more details are necessary to describe what is happening in each section

25. This is a good start and more work needs to be done to complete it. 

Liver Anyone???

 We used A LIVING enzyme to speed up the rate of reaction.  Our reaction was a decomposition reaction where Hydrogen Peroxide decomposed into water and oxygen.  We used raw liver and raw potato and observed the results .  

Write up this lab as a lab report. Format may be one of the following

1. Handwritten in ink and drawings as observations

2.  Word document with photos as observations

3.  Powerpoint format (include a pdf version in case ppt does not load.  upload as a file instead of sharing a link)

You may work as a group, however, each member of the group must do a task and you must include the % that each person contributed to the entire project. this can be the last page of your report.  You may also work individually. 

LAB REPORT FORMAT

Purpose: Write the purpose of this experiment. Include the balanced equation. 

Procedure: Draw a cartoon of exactly what you did and include photos of your procedure

Observations: 

Use words and images  (drawings or photos or screengrabs of video ) to describe what happened.  hint, your video might include an image of the flame that is more dramatic than a photo. Screengrab the best image).  

Discussion:

Explain your observations.  What was the foam that was made? Why did the glowing splint ignite? Did the liver or potato make a bigger or smaller reaction? 

Conclusion: Write a conclusion summarizing what you learned about enzymes during this lab .  Which sample produced a bigger reaction, liver or potato?  Why do YOU THINK  there was a bigger reaction from one of the samples?  Support your answer.  

Evaluation:

Liver Latte Experiment: 40 marks. 

35-40.  your lab report is a brilliant and detailed summary of your experiment.  You meticulously record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report.  Brilliant work. 

32-34. your lab report is an excellent detailed summary of your experiment.  You  record the procedure in a creative format that communicates exactly what was done.  Your observations show what happened, including some of the unexpected things.  Your discussion is well written and you show good reasoning for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. Excellent work

20-30 your lab report is a  detailed summary of your experiment.  Yourecord the procedure in a creative format that communicates clearly what was done.  Your observations show what happened.  Your discussion is well written but you must show a bit more evidence for your explanations.  Your conclusion is a great summary of the experiment and you reference what you know about enzymes in your report. 

0-20. This is a great start and it needs more writing to finish the work. 

ENZYMES

simplified enzyme presentation 

 MORE DETAILS IN THE NOTES HERE

  Enzyme notes  

Enzyme worksheet 

Worksheet 2

Worksheet 3 

Study Questions

1. What are the 2 parts of metabolism and what is the role of enzymes? 

2.  What do enzymes do for activation energy?

3.  Draw a cartoon of the dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis of a substrate. 

4. Give examples of how enzymes are named

5.  What is the definition of: ENZYME, SUBSTRATE, PRODUCT,ACTIVE SITE

6. What are the 3 factors that affect enzyme action?

7. How does temperature affect enzyme action? What is the optimum enzyme temperature in a human?

8.  What are the symptoms of hyperthermia and hypothermia?

9.  Describe the optimum pH of enzymes in a human body. Draw a graph that illustrates the pH of digestive enzymes.

10. What are the 2 kinds of enzyme inhibition? Draw a cartoon that illustrates inhibition.

11.  Give examples of competetive and noncompetetive inhibbition

12. Define these words and draw a picture that includes the terms: holoenzyme, co-enzyme, allosteric site, active site

Biochemistry Test

 1.  Know your illustration handouts: Review the multiple choice, short answer, or matching on these  booklets of drawing handouts. I will give you review questions for long answer on the day before the test.

     a. Examples of Biomolecules, Polymers are made of monomers, hydrolosysis and dehdydration
         synthesis, Water in, Water out, review the Biology Karaoke lyrics for "Waterloo" and "Glucose"

     b. BONDS in biology, especially in protein structure 
         Organic always contains CHO, Functional Groups  recognize all functional groups,
         Writing organic chemistry

     c.  Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

     d.  Fat Facts: Be prepared to draw all parts of this illustrated booklet! 

     

2.  Draw the following molecules:   glucose, amino acid, DNA nucleotide, fatty acid, glycerol

3.  Draw the hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis of amino acids, a disaccharide and a fat

4.  Draw a DNA ladder structure 

CELL STRUCTURES.   Please note a typo on slide 3:

  CELL REVIEW WORKSHEET 

a brief summary   of cell organelles

Biomolecules Notes  

Biomolecules Summary Notes     

Review Questions and Their Answers 

DNA LESSON

 

We will explore the nature of DNA. We will review these notes here  and later you will get a worksheet looking at DNA replication.

Observing biomolecules in action

 Observe a cooking demonstration and note ALL the biomolecules in the ingredients.  Take photographs of the ingredient , the recipe and the outcome.  Did the biomolecules undergo any changes due to changes in  thermal energy? pH?  What was their state ? solid or liquid ?  Did anything turn into a gas?

Demonstrate your biochemical knowledge by explaining what happened to the biomolecules.  Your report may be in the form of a document, pdf, powerpoint (powerpoint is preferred)

Your report includes

a Title:  What was the food that was prepared?

1. A table with the following titles:  ingredient, biomolecule, draw the formula

2.  Steps to make the food:  Describe changes in thermal energy and pH if any

3.  Conclusion:  write a short paragraph summarizing what you learned/tasted 

Evaluation /30

27-30.  This is an excellent and complete analysis of all the biomolecules, the report is organized and includes pictures, either drawings or photos. it has excellent presentation 

20-25.  This is a complete analysis of all the biomolecules. the report includes pictures or drawings of most biomolecules

15-20. This is a partial list of all the biomolecules. the report contains no pictures or drawings

0-15. This report is a good start but it is not complete 

Sept 8 to 16, 2025 : Biomolecules.

 lecture on biomolecules here:  Please review the notes on Carbohydrates and Proteins

Biomolecules Notes  

And here are some summary notes reviewing the same content describing the monomers and polymers that can form through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis . your teacher will review these concepts over a few days

Biomolecules Summary Notes     

After reading these notes, work on this worksheet on biomolecules . The answers to these questions begin on page 8 of the Biomoledules Summary Notes in the chapter called  BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL COMPOUNDS

We will spend a few days on this important topic and then you will get a test. 

At the end of this unit you can do these review questions .  Our test will include these questions

Review Questions and Their Answers 

in addition, i mentioned in class that you ought to be able to

1. draw each kind of monomer: an amino acid, a monosaccharide, a nucleotide.  Draw an example of an amino acid (glutamate)

2. draw the hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis of monomers , like amino acids making a peptide bond

3.  identify different kinds of biomolecules if you see them 

Memory tricks to remember hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.  I gave you new lyrics for this abba song.